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During the South African War, Gandhi was a stretcher barer. [385] He argued that no man can degrade or brutalise the other without degrading and brutalising himself and that sustainable economic growth comes from service, not from exploitation. [143] The British side sought reforms that would keep Indian subcontinent as a colony. [44], Gandhi believed that swaraj not only can be attained with non-violence, but it can also be run with non-violence. [410] Einstein said of Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi's life achievement stands unique in political history. [134], According to Atlury Murali, Indian Congress in the 1920s appealed to Andhra Pradesh peasants by creating Telugu language plays that combined Indian mythology and legends, linked them to Gandhi's ideas, and portrayed Gandhi as a messiah, a reincarnation of ancient and medieval Indian nationalist leaders and saints. Gandhi led Congress celebrated 26 January 1930 as India's Independence Day in Lahore. [181], Gandhi spent the day of independence not celebrating the end of the British rule but appealing for peace among his countrymen by fasting and spinning in Calcutta on 15 August 1947. [210][211][212], Gandhi was influenced by his devout Vaishnava Hindu mother, the regional Hindu temples and saint tradition which co-existed with Jain tradition in Gujarat. [437] The 1996 film The Making of the Mahatma documented Gandhi's time in South Africa and his transformation from an inexperienced barrister to recognised political leader. [406] Bhana and Vahed commented on these events as "Gandhi inspired succeeding generations of South African activists seeking to end White rule. With his health failing, Gandhi was released after a 19-month detainment in 1944. [150] Ambedkar and Gandhi debated their ideas and concerns, each trying to persuade the other. [305] These arguments, states Kumaraswamy, were a part of his political strategy to win Muslim support during the Khilafat movement. For Gandhi, democracy was a way of life. However, Gandhi said that if he would not let Manu sleep with him, it would be a sign of weakness. Godse accused Gandhi of subjectivism and of acting as if only he had a monopoly of the truth. Tolstoy responded and the two continued a correspondence until Tolstoy's death in 1910 (Tolstoy's last letter was to Gandhi). He attempted to find the most non-violent vegetarian meal that the poorest human could afford, taking meticulous notes on vegetables and fruits, and his observations with his own body and his ashram in Gujarat. Andrews, Gandhi stated that if we believe all religions teach the same message of love and peace between all human beings, then there is neither any rationale nor need for proselytisation or attempts to convert people from one religion to another. He entered politics by forming the Natal Indian Congress. The sorrowful incident has undoubtedly advanced the Harijan cause. His vision of a village-dominated economy was shunted aside during his lifetime as rural romanticism, and his call for a national ethos of personal austerity and nonviolence has proved antithetical to the goals of an aspiring economic and military power." He believed that the best economic system not only cared to lift the "poor, less skilled, of impoverished background" but also empowered to lift the "rich, highly skilled, of capital means and landlords". "[405] Anti-apartheid activist and former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela, was inspired by Gandhi. Gandhi grew up worshiping the Hindu god Vishnu and following Jainism, a morally rigorous ancient Indian religion that espoused non-violence, fasting, meditation and vegetarianism. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi[19] was born on 2 October 1869[20] into an Gujarati Modh Bania family of the Vaishya varna[21] in Porbandar (also known as Sudamapuri), a coastal town on the Kathiawar Peninsula and then part of the small princely state of Porbandar in the Kathiawar Agency of the Indian Empire. [172] The Indian National Congress and Gandhi called for the British to Quit India. While the military is unnecessary in a nation organised under swaraj principle, Gandhi added that a police force is necessary given human nature. [392], Gandhi's complete works were published by the Indian government under the name The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi in the 1960s. [132] Congress estimates, however, put the figure at 90,000. Gandhi defied the order. In April 1945, Gandhi referenced being naked with several "women or girls" in a letter to Birla as part of the experiments. [76] According to Anthony Parel, Gandhi was also influenced by the Tamil text Tirukkuṛaḷ after Leo Tolstoy mentioned it in their correspondence that began with "A Letter to a Hindu". "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. Gandhi sent an ultimatum in the form of a polite letter to the viceroy of India, Lord Irwin, on 2 March. Weakened from repeated hunger strikes, Gandhi clung to his two grandnieces as they led him from his living quarters in New Delhi’s Birla House to a late-afternoon prayer meeting. He asked Joseph Chamberlain, the British Colonial Secretary, to reconsider his position on this bill. [82] During a speech in September 1896, Gandhi complained that the whites in the British colony of South Africa were degrading Indian Hindus and Muslims to "a level of Kaffir". People would spit on him as an expression of racial hate. "The Tale Of Gandhi Through The Lens: An Inter-Textual Analytical Study Of Three Major Films-Gandhi, The Making Of The Mahatma, And Gandhi, My Father. Gandhi summarised his beliefs first when he said "God is Truth". After British authorities arrested Gandhi in 1922, he pleaded guilty to three counts of sedition. He was killed by a fanatic in 1948. The protest at Dharasana salt works on 21 May went ahead without its leader, Gandhi. In 1930, Gandhi wrote, "Such was the man who captivated my heart in religious matters as no other man ever has till now. But by 1920, the World War was over. The conference, however, proved fruitless. [292] According to the historian M. Naeem Qureshi, like the then Indian Muslim leaders who had combined religion and politics, Gandhi too imported his religion into his political strategy during the Khilafat movement. He brought an international reputation as a leading Indian nationalist, theorist and community organiser. His reply was in response to the question 'Who was the one person, dead or live, that you would choose to dine with?'. He took these back to India in 1915. Parents: Karamchand and Putlibai Gandhi. [199], Gandhi was cremated in accordance with Hindu tradition. Refusing to move to the back of the train, Gandhi was forcibly removed and thrown off the train at a station in Pietermaritzburg. The writings comprise about 50,000 pages published in about a hundred volumes. His mother, Putlibai, was a deeply religious woman who fasted regularly. Gandhi and the Congress withdrew their support of the Raj when the Viceroy declared war on Germany in September 1939 without consultation. "[277], In a post-war interview in 1946, he said, "Hitler killed five million Jews. "[404] King sometimes referred to Gandhi as "the little brown saint. However, Gandhi's empathy towards Islam, and his eager willingness to valorise peaceful Muslim social activists, was viewed by many Hindus as an appeasement of Muslims and later became a leading cause for his assassination at the hands of intolerant Hindu extremists. He justified this support by invoking Islam, stating that "non-Muslims cannot acquire sovereign jurisdiction" in Jazirat al-Arab (the Arabian Peninsula). After a brief trip to India in late 1896 and early 1897, Gandhi returned to South Africa with his wife and children. Nehru became his political heir. Despite Gandhi informing them of his promise to his mother and her blessings, he was excommunicated from his caste. [337], Gandhi tried to test and prove to himself his brahmacharya. Gandhi and thirty-seven other Indians received the Queen's South Africa Medal. The British government stopped the London press from showing photographs of his emaciated body, because it would elicit sympathy. Thus, satya (truth) in Gandhi's philosophy is "God". He was introduced to Shrimad by Dr. Pranjivan Mehta. [110][111] His support for the Khilafat movement also helped him sideline Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who had announced his opposition to the satyagraha non-co-operation movement approach of Gandhi. Mahatma Gandhi was a great freedom fighter. The Hindu leader, Tej Bahadur Sapru, declared in 1941, states Herman, "A good many Congress leaders are fed up with the barren program of the Mahatma". It was the rigid simplicity, the utter self-effacement of the Prophet, the scrupulous regard for pledges, his intense devotion to his friends and followers, his intrepidity, his fearlessness, his absolute trust in God and in his own mission. [331][332], Along with many other texts, Gandhi studied Bhagavad Gita while in South Africa. [101] After the war, the British government offered minor reforms instead, which disappointed Gandhi. [73] Gandhi raised eleven hundred Indian volunteers, to support British combat troops against the Boers. [362], According to Gandhi, a non-violent state is like an "ordered anarchy". Introduction: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 in Porbandar, a coastal town in present-day Gujarat, India. On January 30, 1948, 78-year-old Gandhi was shot and killed by Hindu extremist Nathuram Godse, who was upset at Gandhi’s tolerance of Muslims. Mohandas Gandhi. [182][307] In 1937, Gandhi discussed Zionism with his close Jewish friend Hermann Kallenbach. In Gandhi's view, those who attempt to convert a Hindu, "they must harbour in their breasts the belief that Hinduism is an error" and that their own religion is "the only true religion". Gandhi's early self-identification with truth and love as supreme values is traceable to these epic characters. Known For: Leader of India's independence movement. [125] Furthermore, co-operation among Hindus and Muslims ended as Khilafat movement collapsed with the rise of Atatürk in Turkey. [39] At age 11, he joined the High School in Rajkot, Alfred High School. There were no hard feelings, with Hills proposing the toast at the LVS farewell dinner in honour of Gandhi's return to India. He had advised Gandhi to be patient and to study Hinduism deeply. Abdullah owned a large successful shipping business in South Africa. He struggled to gain his footing as a lawyer. [103][107][108][109], The increasing Muslim support for Gandhi, after he championed the Caliph's cause, temporarily stopped the Hindu-Muslim communal violence. [265][266] Winston Churchill caricatured Gandhi as a "cunning huckster" seeking selfish gain, an "aspiring dictator", and an "atavistic spokesman of a pagan Hinduism". [344][345], In 1932, Gandhi began a new campaign to improve the lives of the untouchables, whom he began to call harijans, "the children of god". There he studied the rudiments of arithmetic, history, the Gujarati language and geography. [106] He reorganised the Congress. Khadi and Gandhi caps brought unity among people during the freedom struggle. Gokhale was a key leader of the Congress Party best known for his restraint and moderation, and his insistence on working inside the system. [151][152], In 1934 Gandhi resigned from Congress party membership. Gandhi's image also appears on paper currency of all denominations issued by Reserve Bank of India, except for the one rupee note. The public outcry forced the British to amend the proposal. [385] To Gandhi, states Parekh, both communism and capitalism were wrong, in part because both focused exclusively on a materialistic view of man, and because the former deified the state with unlimited power of violence, while the latter deified capital. [162] His countrymen retaliated the arrests by damaging or burning down hundreds of government owned railway stations, police stations, and cutting down telegraph wires. Gandhi also wanted to avoid being a target for Raj propaganda by leading a party that had temporarily accepted political accommodation with the Raj. Wavell condemned Gandhi's character and motives as well as his ideas. Gandhi inquired about his pay for the work. He told the British people in 1940, "I would like you to lay down the arms you have as being useless for saving you or humanity. His campaign was a failure. If we want to learn the use of arms with the greatest possible despatch, it is our duty to enlist ourselves in the army. However, he did not appreciate the bland vegetarian food offered by his landlady and was frequently hungry until he found one of London's few vegetarian restaurants. She was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister. In August 1947 the British partitioned the land with India and Pakistan each achieving independence on terms that Gandhi disapproved. It began with his engagement with Romain Rolland and Martin Buber. Gandhi wanted to go. [338] According to the 1960s memoir of his grandniece Manu, Gandhi feared in early 1947 that he and she may be killed by Muslims in the run up to India's independence in August 1947, and asked her when she was 18 years old if she wanted to help him with his experiments to test their "purity", for which she readily accepted. [135], At various occasions, Gandhi credited his orthodox Hindu mother, and his wife, for first lessons in satyagraha. He was born on OCTOBER 2nd,1869 at Porbandar, Gujarat. [158] Gandhi's position was not supported by many Indian leaders, and his campaign against the British war effort was a failure. With Congress now behind him, and Muslim support triggered by his backing the Khilafat movement to restore the Caliph in Turkey,[106] Gandhi had the political support and the attention of the British Raj. [105][106] After the World War I, in 1919–22, he won Muslim leadership support of Ali Brothers by backing the Khilafat Movement in favour the Islamic Caliph and his historic Ottoman Caliphate, and opposing the secular Islam supporting Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Sikhism, to Gandhi, was an integral part of Hinduism, in the form of another reform movement. Gandhi planned a new Satyagraha campaign, The Salt March, that entailed a 390-kilometer/240-mile march to the Arabian Sea, where he would collect salt in symbolic defiance of the government monopoly. "Gandhi in the Mind of America. [366], Khadi, Gandhi argued, had the potential to bring the Raj to its knees. But he dropped out and returned to his family in Porbandar. [97] M. M. Sankhdher argues that Gandhism is not a systematic position in metaphysics or in political philosophy. In Britain, Winston Churchill, a prominent Conservative politician who was then out of office but later became its prime minister, became a vigorous and articulate critic of Gandhi and opponent of his long-term plans. Additional conspirators were sentenced to life in prison. [159] He also condemned Nazism and Fascism, a view which won endorsement of other Indian leaders. The place near Yamuna river where he was cremated is the Rāj Ghāt memorial in New Delhi. [44] His wedding was a joint event, where his brother and cousin were also married. [196][197] Nehru used the assassination to consolidate the authority of the new Indian state. Tensions escalated until Gandhi demanded immediate independence in 1942 and the British responded by imprisoning him and tens of thousands of Congress leaders. Some European employers even banned the donning of white Khadi caps in office. The political base behind Gandhi had broken into factions. Gandhi thus began his journey aimed at crippling the British India government economically, politically and administratively. He remained away from active politics during much of the latter 1920s. Following the death of his father, Gandhi's family sent him to England in 1888 to study law. [347] This campaign was not universally embraced by the Dalit community: Ambedkar and his allies felt Gandhi was being paternalistic and was undermining Dalit political rights. For example, his close friend Badshah Khan suggested that they should work towards opening Hindu temples for Muslim prayers, and Islamic mosques for Hindu prayers, to bring the two religious groups closer. According to Sarma, Gandhi recruited women to participate in the salt tax campaigns and the boycott of foreign products, which gave many women a new self-confidence and dignity in the mainstream of Indian public life. However, the state would limit the use of weapons by the police to the minimum, aiming for their use as a restraining force. The Salt March sparked similar protests, and mass civil disobedience swept across India. Despite health challenges, Gandhi was able to walk about 79000 kms in his lifetime which comes to an average of 18 kms per day and is equivalent to walking around the earth twice. Indira Gandhi was born Indira Nehru on 19 November, 1917, in Allahabad to Kamala and Jawaharlal Nehru. [330] To Gandhi, the women of India were an important part of the "swadeshi movement" (Buy Indian), and his goal of decolonising the Indian economy. [182] Some writers credit Gandhi's fasting and protests for stopping the religious riots and communal violence. Date and place of birth – 2 October 1869, Porbandar (Gujarat) Death – 30 January 1948, New Delhi. In a major speech on untouchability at Nagpur in 1920, Gandhi called it a great evil in Hindu society but observed that it was not unique to Hinduism, having deeper roots, and stated that Europeans in South Africa treated "all of us, Hindus and Muslims, as untouchables; we may not reside in their midst, nor enjoy the rights which they do". In 1997, Tushar Gandhi immersed the contents of one urn, found in a bank vault and reclaimed through the courts, at the Sangam at Allahabad. The book inspired Gandhi to establish a "[220][221] Historian Howard states the culture of Gujarat influenced Gandhi and his methods. [406] Others include Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan,[407] Steve Biko, and Aung San Suu Kyi. He believed that a better economic system is one which does not impoverish one's culture and spiritual pursuits.[386]. [120] The British government ignored him and passed the law, stating it would not yield to threats. He has been introducing the youth, especially the college students and postgraduates to the life and message of Gandhiji. [47] The Gandhi couple had four more children, all sons: Harilal, born in 1888; Manilal, born in 1892; Ramdas, born in 1897; and Devdas, born in 1900. Not one of the marchers even raised an arm to fend off blows. On returning from South Africa, when Gandhi received a letter asking for his participation in writing a world charter for human rights, he responded saying, "in my experience, it is far more important to have a charter for human duties. Meanwhile, the Muslim League did co-operate with Britain and moved, against Gandhi's strong opposition, to demands for a totally separate Muslim state of Pakistan. [394], Gandhi influenced important leaders and political movements. [401][402][403] King said "Christ gave us the goals and Mahatma Gandhi the tactics. Still, the protests against the Salt Acts elevated Gandhi into a transcendent figure around the world. [117][118], With his book Hind Swaraj (1909) Gandhi, aged 40, declared that British rule was established in India with the co-operation of Indians and had survived only because of this co-operation. [50] Mavji Dave Joshiji, a Brahmin priest and family friend, advised Gandhi and his family that he should consider law studies in London. [254], The essence of Satyagraha is "soul force" as a political means, refusing to use brute force against the oppressor, seeking to eliminate antagonisms between the oppressor and the oppressed, aiming to transform or "purify" the oppressor. The moral influence he had on the consciously thinking human being of the entire civilised world will probably be much more lasting than it seems in our time with its overestimation of brutal violent forces. Gelder then composed and released an interview summary, cabled it to the mainstream press, that announced sudden concessions Gandhi was willing to make, comments that shocked his countrymen, the Congress workers and even Gandhi. However, his final fast in 1948, after the end of British rule in India, his hunger strike was lauded by the British press and this time did include full-length photos. He was "profoundly skeptical of traditional Ayurveda", encouraging it to study the scientific method and adopt its progressive learning approach. For other uses, see, Civil rights activist in South Africa (1893–1914), Struggle for Indian independence (1915–1947), On life, society and other application of his ideas, Brahmacharya: abstinence from sex and food. © 2021 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. He promoted Khadi to emphasize the dignity of labor, a life based on non-violence and the value of self-reliance. [143] Gandhi vehemently opposed a constitution that enshrined rights or representations based on communal divisions, because he feared that it would not bring people together but divide them, perpetuate their status and divert the attention from India's struggle to end the colonial rule.[145][146]. [158] Over 2.5 million Indians ignored Gandhi, volunteered and joined the British military to fight on various fronts of the allied forces. Gandhi formed the Natal Indian Congress in 1894 to fight discrimination. The violent act took the life of a pacifist who spent his life preaching nonviolence. Khadi became a symbol of political resistance, and it had great impact on Britishers. The satyagraha civil disobedience followed, with people assembling to protest the Rowlatt Act. In 1906, Gandhi organized his first mass civil-disobedience campaign, which he called “Satyagraha” (“truth and firmness”), in reaction to the South African Transvaal government’s new restrictions on the rights of Indians, including the refusal to recognize Hindu marriages. But foreign cloth meant civilisation to some Indian elites. [248], Gandhi based Satyagraha on the Vedantic ideal of self-realization, ahimsa (nonviolence), vegetarianism, and universal love. Gandhi's shyness was an obstacle to his defence of Allinson at the committee meeting. [358] Nehru government's vision of an industrialised, centrally planned economy after 1947 had scant place for Gandhi's village-oriented approach. [214], Gandhi's London lifestyle incorporated the values he had grown up with. [339] Nirmalkumar Bose, Gandhi's Bengali interpreter, for example, criticised Gandhi, not because Gandhi did anything wrong, but because Bose was concerned about the psychological effect on the women who participated in his experiments. Dehury, Dinabandhu "Mahatma Gandhi's Contribution to Education". [149] In protest, Gandhi started a fast-unto-death, while he was held in prison. [224] Gandhi saw himself a disciple of Tolstoy, for they agreed regarding opposition to state authority and colonialism; both hated violence and preached non-resistance. [133] However, other scholars such as Marilyn French state that Gandhi barred women from joining his civil disobedience movement because he feared he would be accused of using women as political shield. On 5 May he was interned under a regulation dating from 1827 in anticipation of a protest that he had planned. But Kavi's influence was undoubtedly deeper if only because I had come in closest personal touch with him. He was named Time magazine’s “Man of the Year” for 1930. [269] Gandhi explains his philosophy and ideas about ahimsa as a political means in his autobiography The Story of My Experiments with Truth. [252], Gandhi stated that the most important battle to fight was overcoming his own demons, fears, and insecurities. No exception can possibly be taken to the natural desire of the Jews to find a home in Palestine. [297][298] Gandhi did not support laws to prohibit missionary activity, but demanded that Christians should first understand the message of Jesus, and then strive to live without stereotyping and misrepresenting other religions. [284] He also read the Islamic prophet Muhammad's biography, and argued that it was "not the sword that won a place for Islam in those days in the scheme of life. Although Gandhi could not prevent the law’s passage, he drew international attention to the injustice. Among them are D. G. Tendulkar with his Mahatma. Intolerance betrays want of faith in one's cause. [384] Gandhi's economic thinking disagreed with Marx, according to the political theory scholar and economist Bhikhu Parekh. [155][156] Gandhi declared that Sitaramayya's defeat was his defeat. Wavell accused Gandhi of harbouring the single minded idea to "overthrow British rule and influence and to establish a Hindu raj", and called Gandhi a "malignant, malevolent, exceedingly shrewd" politician. But they must wait for its fulfillment till Arab opinion is ripe for it. He used terminology and phrases such as Rama-rajya from Ramayana, Prahlada as a paradigmatic icon, and such cultural symbols as another facet of swaraj and satyagraha. Gandhism designates the ideas and principles Gandhi promoted; of central importance is nonviolent resistance. Mahatma Gandhi was the primary leader of India’s independence movement and also the architect of a form of non-violent civil disobedience that would influence the world. Satyagraha is also termed a "universal force", as it essentially "makes no distinction between kinsmen and strangers, young and old, man and woman, friend and foe. On 9 April, Gandhi was arrested. [226], Gandhi credited Shrimad Rajchandra, a poet and Jain philosopher, as his influential counsellor. [316] Gandhi explored food sources that reduced violence to various life forms in the food chain. His father had little formal education and was a poorly paid bureaucrat. “My ambition is no less than to convert the British people through non-violence and thus make them see the wrong they have done to India,” he wrote days before the march to the British viceroy, Lord Irwin. [170] At the end of the war, the British gave clear indications that power would be transferred to Indian hands. [305][306], Gandhi discussed the persecution of the Jews in Germany and the emigration of Jews from Europe to Palestine through his lens of Satyagraha. A different basic education model, he believed, would lead to better self awareness, prepare people to treat all work equally respectable and valued, and lead to a society with less social diseases. They went down like ninepins. On 10 August 1888, Gandhi aged 18, left Porbandar for Mumbai, then known as Bombay. Jean-Luc Nancy said that the French philosopher Maurice Blanchot engaged critically with Gandhi from the point of view of "European spirituality". According to Gandhi, the message of Jesus was not to humiliate and imperialistically rule over other people considering them inferior or second class or slaves, but that "when the hungry are fed and peace comes to our individual and collective life, then Christ is born". They offered a total salary of £105 (~$17,200 in 2019 money) plus travel expenses. His approach, too, to untouchability differed from Ambedkar's, championing fusion, choice, and free intermixing, while Ambedkar envisioned each segment of society maintaining its group identity, and each group then separately advancing the "politics of equality". His childhood shyness and self-withdrawal had continued through his teens. With Gandhi isolated in prison, the Indian National Congress split into two factions, one led by Chitta Ranjan Das and Motilal Nehru favouring party participation in the legislatures, and the other led by Chakravarti Rajagopalachari and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, opposing this move. At UCL, he studied law and jurisprudence and was invited to enroll at Inner Temple with the intention of becoming a barrister. According to the pact, Gandhi was invited to attend the Round Table Conference in London for discussions and as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. [448] The 2019 play Bharat Bhagya Vidhata, inspired by Pujya Gurudevshri Rakeshbhai and produced by Sangeet Natak Akademi and Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur takes a look at how Gandhi cultivated the values of truth and non-violence. [323][324], Gandhi championed animal rights in general. In this effort, he urged that they neither kill nor injure British people, but be willing to suffer and die if violence is initiated by the British officials. He leveraged the Khilafat movement, wherein Sunni Muslims in India, their leaders such as the sultans of princely states in India and Ali brothers championed the Turkish Caliph as a solidarity symbol of Sunni Islamic community (ummah). [23] During his tenure, Karamchand married four times. The Champaran agitation pitted the local peasantry against their largely British landlords who were backed by the local administration.

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