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One need look no farther than the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and the 2013 crisis in South Sudan to understand shortcomings of the UN and its struggle to implement the UDHR on a global stage. “The United Nations, Peacebuilding, And The Genocide In Rwanda.” Global Governance 11.1 (2005): 115-130. In acting and speaking, men show who they are, reveal actively their unique personal identities and thus make their appearance in the human world… This disclosure of “who” in contradistinction to “what” somebody is — his qualities, gifts, talents, and shortcomings, which he may display or hide — is implicit in everything somebody says and does. Is Our Obsession with Innovation Destroying Our Universities? ... but merely the “last residuum” of speech; bare, formal logic; on its way to silence. UN, n.d. 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Time and again, however, the world bears witness to extreme intolerance and persecution motivated by a variety of factors including ethnicity, race, religion, and gender, to name a few. In the case of Rwanda, the UN nation-states made it all too clear that universal human rights need only be upheld when convenient and beneficial to a larger interest. Subscribe to this free midweek pick-me-up for heart, mind, and spirit below — it is separate from the standard Sunday digest of new pieces: “An honorable human relationship — that is, one in which two people have the right to use the word ‘love’ — is a process, delicate, violent, often terrifying to both persons involved, a process of refining the truths they can tell each other,” Adrienne Rich wrote in her piercing 1975 meditation on how relationships refine our truths. “Members, United Nation, Growth, History of Organization.” UN News Center. Print. Roosevelt, Eleanor. Eleanor Roosevelt, widow of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt, spearheaded the assignment and is seen by many as the primary force behind the document itself (“The Universal Declaration of Human Rights History”). On July 9, 2011 South Sudan became the newest country in the world when its leaders signed a “Comprehensive Peace Agreement” (CPA) which cumulated a six-year peace process and more than twenty years of fighting between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (“UNMISS Background”). As a result of growing hostilities and escalating violence, thousands of South Sudanese were killed, especially as a result of ethnically motivated civilian attacks (Giovanni). Web. Arendt, Hannah. You can beam some bit-love my way: 197usDS6AsL9wDKxtGM6xaWjmR5ejgqem7. 20 Nov. 2014. Without the disclosure of the agent in the act, action loses its specific character and becomes one form of achievement among others. Both the UN and the UDHR work in the name of freedom, that is, the protection and promotion of human rights, through the universal recognition and respect of which men and women can live free. A lot of it isn’t even about Arendt. It is then indeed no less a means to an end than making is a means to produce an object. Hannah Arendt . On April 6, 1994 the Hutu people, an ethnic subset of the Rwandan people, began a 100-day genocide against their Tutsi countrymen in which nearly one million people were brutally murdered (Berdal). In man, otherness, which he shares with everything that is, and distinctness, which he shares with everything alive, become uniqueness, and human plurality is the paradoxical plurality of unique beings. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Although nobody knows whom he reveals when he discloses himself in deed or word, he must be willing to risk the disclosure. That is because of our ineffectiveness in Rwanda. Violence soon spread throughout the country, generating mass panic among citizens (“South Sudan: Massacres”). It may be stimulated by the presence of others whose company we may wish to join, but it is never conditioned by them; its impulse springs from the beginning which came into the world when we were born and to which we respond by beginning something new on our own initiative. Web. “South Sudan: UN Moves on Political and Peacekeeping Fronts to Staunch Fighting.” UN News Center. In a truest sense, human rights are a fundamental object of law and government in a just society. The right to freedom, Arendt writes in the Origins of Totalitarianism, “is sometimes considered to be the very essence of human rights” (Origins of Totalitarianism 296). The film centers on the life of German-Jewish philosopher and political theorist Hannah Arendt. Web. In his final speech to the Canadian Senate on June 18, 2014, Dallaire spoke of the recurrent consequences of the international community’s response to the Rwandan genocide. (Photo Credit: peterbreggphotography). These substantial human rights violations in South Sudan have destabilized the region in the present and will likely perpetuate unrest for years to come. Since the initial publication of these words in 1958, international attention to human rights has significantly increased; however, the essence of Arendt’s words still rings true. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. There is, however, alongside the human capacity for freedom, the capacity for love and justice, solidarity and courage. More than sixty years later, people across the globe continue to be dehumanized and slaughtered, denied the right to freedom, and expelled from humanity as stateless nomads. Arendt viewed freedom as the human capacity to begin and create something new by virtue of our natality (the fact that we are born into the world). In his final speech to the Canadian Senate on June 18, 2014, Dallaire spoke of the recurrent consequences of the international community’s response to the Rwandan genocide. Despite our entry into the world as individuals, we are equalized by our capacity to act and fulfill our freedom. Adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948 (“The Universal Declaration of Human Rights History”), the UDHR served as a complement to the creation of the United Nations, a cohort of nations whose primary objectives lay in the active maintenance of international peace and human rights. d’Entreves, Maurizio Passerin, “Hannah Arendt”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). 20 Nov. 2014. — Hannah Arendt, Denktagebuch, vol. In a simplified analysis of the events, on December 15, 2013 politically motivated violence erupted in South Sudan’s capital city, Juba, when President Salva Kiir declared that soldiers loyal to former deputy President Riek Machar had tried to launch a coup. Published May 17, 2017 South Sudanese children watch a UN soldier on patrol from behind a fence. “UNMISS Background – United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan.” UN News Center. Responsibility & Unity: The Freedom of Martin Luther King, Jr. A Christian Movement: Civil Rights in America, The Biblical Exodus in the Rhetoric of Martin Luther King, Camus in Tokyo: The Absurd and Sofia Coppola’s Lost in Translation, Communication and Healing: Coming to Terms with the Post-9/11 World, Aubade: a Transcendentalist Ode to the Morning, Navigating the Absurd: Camus, Hemingway, and the Sea, Pierrot Le Fou: The Initial Journey of the Absurd Hero, Civic Sacrifice: Critical Thinking and Disobedience in the Public Sphere. Need to cancel a recurring donation? In fact, she examines the vital complementarity of the universal and the unique. This article is more than 9 years old . 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Web. Sensationalizing Pseudoscience: The Eugenic Movement’s Restriction of Freedom, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern as Existential Antiheroes and de Beauvoir’s Subman, Cogito Ergo Sum: The Responsibility of Self-Liberation, Defining Martin Luther King, Jr. as an Existentialist Hero. The final draft was presented in September of 1948 at a conference in Vienna where over fifty member states participated. Heading into Battle: Addiction, the Will, and the Fight for Autonomy. In addition, the mission failed to publicly report on violations by security forces […] reinforcing a perception that the mission values its relationship with the government over holding authorities to account for violations. By the end of February 2014, just two months after the onset of disorder, the total displacement of South Sudanese had grown to more than 900,000 persons, not to mention the more than 3.2 million people considered to be in a state of ‘acute’ food insecurity (“South Sudan: Massacres”). In The Context of War, Do The Ends Ever Justify The Means? If men were not equal, they could neither understand each other and those who came before them nor plan for the future and foresee the needs … Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. Fighting for Freedom with Martin Luther King Jr. Dallaire said, “I cannot imagine a greater tragedy than the Rwandan genocide, but this conflict, which has resulted in over 5.5 million deaths in the Congo, continues to worsen. Echoing the Nobel-winning Indian poet and philosopher Tagore’s assertion that “relationship is the fundamental truth of this world of appearance,” Arendt adds: This revelatory quality of speech and action comes to the fore where people are with others and neither for nor against them — that is, in sheer human togetherness. MARY MCCARTHY (1912-1989) was a short-story writer, bestselling novelist, essayist, and critic. In an example that brings human rights into the present day, we might consider South Sudan and the issues that there arose with the UN in 2013. Human Rights Watch, n.d. / Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Only within the context of plurality can man contribute to and interact with the world’s vast network of communities. How was it that the world stood by and turned a blind eye to the brutal murder of approximately one million innocent men, women, and children in their homes, churches, and schools? You can also become a spontaneous supporter with a one-time donation in any amount: Partial to Bitcoin? Arendt viewed freedom as the human capacity to begin and create something new by virtue of our. Giovanni, Janine di. In the film’s climactic speech, Arendt concluded, “The manifestation of the wind of thought is not knowledge but the ability to tell right from wrong, beautiful from ugly.” Arendt’s final work, The Life of The Mind, largely focuses on this difference between knowing and thinking. Arendt is widely considered one of the most important political thinkers of the 20th century. Web. 02 Dec. 2014. God created man in order to introduce into the world the faculty of beginning: freedom” (“What is freedom?” 166). Except for the final speech to her students, Arendt's work is not really tackled, but this is not a film about a philosophical work, it is a mainstream film about a woman that von Trotta wants us to like. Free to Share. She understood the realization of freedom as action among the plurality of others within the public sphere. 24 Nov. 2014. The Human Rights Watch 2014 World Report stated: The United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) has a mandate to use force to protect civilians under imminent threat of serious harm, but its failure to intervene against a clear pattern of unlawful killings and other serious violations by South Sudan’s army in Murle areas of Pibor state has undermined public confidence in the peacekeepers. (Photo Credit: un.org). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy elaborates: “Rather, by freedom Arendt means the capacity to begin, to start something new, to do the unexpected, with which all human beings are endowed by virtue of being born. Web. But only man can express this distinction and distinguish himself, and only he can communicate himself and not merely something—thirst or hunger, affection or hostility or fear. I have no staff, no interns, no assistant — a thoroughly one-woman labor of love that is also my life and my livelihood. Otherness in its most abstract form is found only in the sheer multiplication of inorganic objects, whereas all organic life already shows variations and distinctions, even between specimens of the same species. The language and principles set forth in the UDHR can hardly be denied, yet in presupposing a universal definition of freedom the declaration loses traction, especially in stating, “whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge” (“The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Document”). Hannah Arendt is a 2012 German-Luxembourgish-French biographical drama film directed by Margarethe von Trotta and starring Barbara Sukowa. ), The Cambridge Companion to Hannah Arendt, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, p.135 2 According to Arendt, action and speech are so closely related because the agent discloses himself through them. Web. The film is a tribute. But “Home To Roost” is, as one of Arendt’s last public lectures and publications, something of her final testament, a warning that the grand experiment in freedom that is the American Republic was in danger of coming to an end. 267-302. Once the violence began, the US, Belgium, and France moved swiftly and effectively to remove their delegates, ambassadors, and citizens—and then just as promptly as they had arrived, abandoned all aid to Rwanda, turning their backs and allowing the bloodshed to persist and intensify. And yet, contrary to the popular indictment that speech is the cowardly absence of action, action cannot take place without speech. Sieradski, Daniel. For their early organizations, which they founded in the seventeenth century for the conquest of nature and in which they developed their own moral standards and their own code of honor, have not only survived all vicissitudes of the modern age, but they have become one of the most potent power-generating groups in all history. She means to say that there should be no difference in what we say and what we do. To act, in its most general sense, means to take an initiative, to begin (as the Greek word archein, “to begin,” “to lead,” and eventually “to rule,” indicates), to set something into motion (which is the original meaning of the Latin agere). The fact that man is capable of action means that the unexpected can be expected from him, that he is able to perform what is infinitely improbable. The future must see the broadening of human rights throughout the world. By contrast, the deprivation of human rights, and therefore the denial of a right to freedom, is demonstrated in a place where opinions are made insignificant and actions rendered ineffective (Origins of Totalitarianism 296). Macleansca, 18 June 2014. She understood the realization of freedom as action among the plurality of others within the public sphere. Facebook Twitter Reddit. It has been fifty years since Hannah Arendt published the final version of her essay ... Go to YouTube and watch President Kennedy’s speech at Rice University announcing the program to land a man on the moon, and then ask yourself how many of today’s youth would understand the spirit of his words. Plurality therefore encompasses the seemingly contradictory condition of humanity: every man is simultaneously equal and distinct. “What Is Freedom?” Between Past and Future. We are, however, making progress in a positive direction. As Arendt understands, to be human means to be among others. [Thomas Miller] You blame the Jewish people for their own destruction. In her final chapter, on the political ethics of actualized plurality, Loidolt addresses criticisms of Arendt 'inspired by the Frankfurt school' (233) and elaborates the 'implicit ethics' in Arendt's political thinking that many critics have claimed is lacking. Academic Search Premier. When Hannah Arendt died in December 1975, she was known primarily because of the controversy about her report of the trial of Adolf Eichmann and the phrase “the banality of evil”. The short answer is no, not even close to enough. Though the story of Genesis is myth, it serves as a legitimate entry into the understanding of freedom and human rights: each man is unique, yet equal on the most fundamental level—that is, in being human. For 15 years, I have been spending hundreds of hours and thousands of dollars each month to keep Brain Pickings going. The accusation provoked violence, especially between the Dinka and Loud Nuer ethnic groups, the first to which President Kiir belongs and the latter with which Machar identifies (“South Sudan: UN Moves”). The answer remains no, but the UN and UDHR are crucial first steps towards the actualization of a world in which all men are free, as they were born to be. By acting and speaking, men show who they really are, reveal their unique identities and appear to the human world. And even today, whether we know it or not, the question of politics and the fact that man is a being endowed with the gift of action must always be present to our mind when we speak of the problem of freedom; for action and politics, among all the capabilities and potentialities of human life, are the only things of which we could not even conceive without at least assuming that freedom exists. -Eleanor Roosevelt, 28 September 1948, Paris, France. Can universal principles be accurately applied to such a diverse global audience? Please note that the following content is graphic. More than 500,000 peoples were displaced within the country in addition to the roughly 74,300 peoples who crossed into neighboring countries within the first four weeks of the conflict alone (“South Sudan: Massacres”). Depression and Existentialism… Where to Sartre? Arendt explains this using the displacement of European Jewish peoples after World War II as an example: We became aware of the existence of a right to have rights (and that means to live in a framework where one is judged by one’s actions and opinions) and a right to belong to some kind of organized community, only when millions of people emerged who had lost and could not regain these rights because of the new global political situation. Without a serious commitment from the international community to uphold the principles of ‘freedom’ that they—by means of the UDHR—claim to support in the highest standard, millions more will become victim to the terror and suffering that now defines the region. This is not a book written by Hannah Arendt, nor (arguably) has it much to do with either “evil” or the “final solution”. This happens whenever human togetherness is lost, that is, when people are only for or against other people, as for instance in modern warfare, where men go into action and use means of violence in order to achieve certain objectives for their own side and against the enemy. We wanted the final speech to be the moment where the audience finally understands the conclusions her thinking has brought to light. — A New Perspective on Academic Freedom, Re-discovering and Renewing the Past: Liberal Education in the Oratorical Tradition, The Importance of An Audience: How Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Cesar Chavez Engaged the American People. This character of startling unexpectedness is inherent in all beginnings and in all origins… The new always happens against the overwhelming odds of statistical laws and their probability, which for all practical, everyday purposes amounts to certainty; the new therefore always appears in the guise of a miracle. Eleanor Roosevelt holds the UDHR, a document behind which many consider her to be the driving force. In this case, a failure to ensure freedom has left millions in terror, on the brink of death, or dead. Men, as political animals, organize through community primarily for the sake of action, which Arendt defines in The Human Condition as “the only activity that goes on directly between men without the intermediary of things or matter” (The Human Condition 7). New York: Meridian, 1958. “Romeo Dallaire’s Last Speech in the Senate.” Macleansca. Put simply, a tall order. Roméo Dallaire, commander of UN peacekeeping forces in Rwanda, notes in his memoir of the event entitled Shake Hands with the Devil the need for and subsequent abandonment of all help in Rwanda. Selections from the preamble to the UDHR read: Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world […] Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, / Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, / Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge.

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